Last Updated on March 11, 2024 by admin
Job Order Costing
Initial situation: In the annual plan derived from strategy and medium-term plans, it is determined which items (services or physical products) are to be manufactured at what cost. For this purpose, the planned proportional production costs per unit are to be calculated in the costing system. In the sense of Management by Objectives the responsible persons have the task of adhering to these planned proportional product costs in each production order. This requires that each responsible person (e.g., production managers and project managers) must be able to track which costs were directly caused by an order. This is because they can only take responsibility for the cost elements that they can directly influence.
Three types of costing are distinguished because they serve different purposes:
-
- Standard costing: Determination of the planned costs of a unit of an item (physical product or service) as part of annual planning. This costing results in the (annual) planned costs per unit produced.
- Precalculation: On the basis of the planned costs and the actual quantities ordered, the planned costs of an order to be actually executed are calculated. This is because the actual incoming orders rarely match the planned quantities. Precalculation forms the basis for the target to actual comparison of a production order that has been placed.
- Post-calculation: Comparison of the costs incurred in the actual order compared to the precalculation.
With this target to actual comparison managers are enabled to identify the order items that have deviated from the plan. With this information they can intervene in the next periods and find measures that will lead to achieving the target costs again in the following periods. In addition, it must be ensured that cost variances are not passed on to subsequent levels. This is because these are only responsible for their own variances.
Cost center-managers as well as production- and project-managers are responsible for variances in the production area. In decision-relevant management accounting the variances of production and all cost centers should not be charged on, neither to the warehouse nor to the sales organization, since the latter cannot be responsible for such variances. For management-relevant Profitability Analysis (step-by-step contribution accounting), it follows that during the year all warehouse receipts should be valuated at proportional planned production costs and the variances should be shown in the (monthly) Profitability Analysis. This is because the variance types mentioned can neither be allocated to the products nor to the sales organization nor to the individual customers according to their cause.
Cf. the posts “Multdimensional Contribution Accounting” and “Complete Variance Analysis“.
The next two posts show how the various types of variances are shown in Profitability Analysis in a way that is appropriate to the levels and responsibilities, where they are to be shown, and how inventories are to be valued.